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A common term for a kidney stone is "renal calculus." This terminology is derived from Latin, where "renal" pertains to the kidneys, and "calculus" means a small stone. Kidney stones form when certain substances in the urine crystallize and stick together, leading to a variety of potential health issues, including severe pain and urinary tract obstruction.

The other terms provided are related to different medical conditions. Uremia refers to a buildup of waste products in the blood, often due to kidney failure, while hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism are conditions that pertain to the parathyroid glands, affecting calcium levels in the body. These conditions do not relate directly to the formation of kidney stones, making "renal calculus" the specific and accurate term for that condition.